Climate Change Write For Us – Climate change is the variation in the conditions that define the climate of a region between two periods of time. During its evolution, the Earth has experienced several climatic changes, such as glaciation.
The causes of the current climate change are mainly due to the activities of human beings, and its consequences can be devastating for life on the planet.
Causes of climate change
Increase in global surface temperature
There are records of temperature measurement with thermometers since 1760. Other strategies have been used to estimate it before this time, such as tree growth rings.
However, it is known that in the last 50 years, the temperature increased over the previous 200 years. We now know this as global warming.
Global land and ocean temperature change from 1880 to 2020, based on 1951-1980. (Graph taken from data.giss.nasa.gov.)
Emission of greenhouse gases
Gases like water vapor (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxides can absorb infrared radiation. This causes the greenhouse effect on Earth, which causes the atmosphere to warm up.
This phenomenon has existed for millions of years, and without it, the Earth’s temperature would be below zero Celsius, preventing life.
However, due to the industrial revolution and the excessive consumption of fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has amplified, and with it, global warming.
Solar radiation
Earth’s most important energy source is the Sun, the solar system star. The Sun’s activity undergoes cycles, and although this has increased since 1900, its impact on current climate change is not considerable.
Volcanic activity
Volcanic eruptions can cause alterations in the climate of specific regions. In general, the explosions of volcanoes induce a cooling of the atmosphere and the surface of the oceans.
Atmospheric aerosols
Atmospheric aerosols are tiny particles that float in the air. For example, volcanic ash and desert sand can affect visibility and solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.
Tropospheric aerosols mainly cool the climate system since they reflect solar radiation. They act as a kind of sunscreen, preventing the Sun’s rays from reaching the Earth’s surface.
Land use and deforestation
The transformation of forests and jungles into arable land and urban areas has significantly contributed to regional climate change.
It is known that urban areas hold more heat due to construction and the lower density of plants. On the other hand, lower forest density means less fixation of carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere.
Consequences of climate change
Ocean warming
The ocean has been warming since 1971, and the trend will continue until the end of the 21st century, even with reduced CO₂ levels.
This alters the life pattern of marine species, which seek to move towards deeper areas or higher latitudes or favor warm-water species.
Sea level rise
The global average sea level rose 20 cm between 1901 and 2018, at a faster rate from 2006-2018. This is due to the ocean’s thermal expansion and the melting ice’s contribution from the land.
Heavy rainfall
There has been an increase in the frequency, intensity, and quantity of rainfall. This is most notable on a regional scale.
For example, in June 2022, Pakistan received three times more rain than in the previous 30 years, resulting in significant and severe floods, with many human and material losses.
More standard and intense droughts
In some regions, the lack of water has intensified due to high temperatures. This also brings with it the danger of forest fires.
Declining Arctic Ice Cap
The Arctic polar cap has lost size and thickness in the last 50 years.
Since the late 1970s, the area and thickness of the Arctic sea ice have been progressively declining. By December 2022, the extent of the polar cap was almost 12 million square kilometers, representing a 12% reduction since 1978 ( National Snow & Ice Data Center data ).
Alteration of the carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the passage of carbon through different states and compounds between organic matter, the atmosphere, the oceans, and the Earth’s crust. Plants use carbon in the form of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, while forming carbonates are deposited in rocks and soil.
The continuous upsurge in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere stimulates its uptake by the oceans and vegetation. This is reflected in more greenery on satellite maps.
Ocean acidification
With the increase of CO₂ in the atmosphere, part of it dissolves in the water and reacts, increasing the ocean’s acidity. This is a consequence of altering the carbon cycle that we mentioned earlier.
With more acidic waters, many marine ecosystems are affected. For example, the oyster industry on the west coast of the United States suffered damage due to acidification of the seas.
Reduced Northern Hemisphere snow cover in spring
Snow cover has decreased during the spring months since 1978 in Europe, North America, and Russia. This brings with it a reduction in the water storage capacity for the summer months, which affects the vegetation and fauna of these regions.
Duration of the more extended planting season in the Northern Hemisphere
In agricultural areas of Europe, farmers have reported a more extended period in which they can sow and harvest. Warmer temperatures encourage seed and plant growth.
In addition, there has been an increase in the vegetation on the terrestrial surface since 1980 and an advance in the flowering of trees in spring.
Displacement of terrestrial and marine species
Certain species, such as mosquitoes and other insects, develop better in high temperatures, so it is estimated that they will move to temperate regions. For example, mosquitoes that transmit dengue fever and other tropical viral diseases have been detected in Europe.
In the oceans, the movement of fish towards polar zones where the waters remain colder has been recorded.
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